In 1699 co-owner William Pringle was the ship's master when it entered the lower district of the James River to dock at a tobacco warehouse at Jamestown.
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| James River watershed |
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| Rappahannock River watershed |
I can't tell this story any better than an unknown author in an early Maryland Historical Society article, so here are excerpts with some typo corrections and illustration inserts:
. . A pirate ship, which had taken several vessels off the Capes, entered Lynnhaven Bay with several of her captures, intending to take in water and provisions, and fit out one or more of the captured vessels, as members of the pirate fleet, which then numbered four vessels, and of which the chief was La Paix, or "The Peace" as she is generally called in the papers relating to the event of her defeat and capture by H. M. ship Shoreham, [commanded by] Captain Passenger, after a battle which lasted ten hours, and was sustained on both sides with great courage and determination. It was not only by his decision and prompt action that Governor [Francis] Nicholson [formerly governor of Maryland Colony, now of Virginia Colony] aided in bringing about the result of this; for it was in a great measure owing to him, that there was a man-of-war stationed in the Chesapeake Bay.
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| Francis Nicholson (1655-1728) |
The Shoreham had arrived some weeks before to relieve the Essex Prize which at the time of the fight was under repair, and being made ready for the voyage home, so that she was in no condition to take any part in a fight with a pirate.
The Essex Prize was a small vessel carrying only sixteen guns, so that it was perhaps well for the Colonies that she was relieved by a larger ship, which was able to cope with the "Peace," which carried twenty guns and had a crew of 140 men. The narrative of these events is drawn partly from a copy of the record of a case in the Court of Admiralty held in May, 1700 in Hampton Town, Virginia, one of the Rawlinson MSS. in the Bodleian Library, and partly from the letters of Governor Nicholson of Virginia, in the Public Record Office, London.
On the 17th of April, 1700, the pink Baltimore of Bristol, was captured by a pirate, who put sixteen of his own men on board the pink. One man was killed, and six men were taken on board the pirate, leaving six men (with the pirate crew) on the pink. The next day the same pirate took, in Lat. 36°, a sloop, the George, Capt. Joseph Forrest, of Pennsylvania, 25 Tons, and carried Capt. Forrest and some of his men on board their own ship, after plundering the George, taking with other things about £ 200. in gold and leaving six of their own men to take charge of the sloop.
A few days later, or on the 23 day of April, the ship Pennsylvania Merchant, of 80 tons, bound from London to Philadelphia, was nearing the Capes of the Delaware, when late in the day, a vessel was seen to be following her, and the next morning was found to be close to her. The pirate La Paix, for it was she, ran up "a blood-red flag" [the jolie rouge, interpreted in those days as 'no quarter given'], fired several guns at the Pennsylvania Merchant, and called on her " to heave-to," which order the Captain, Samuel Harrison, thought it best to obey.
The pirates then boarded her and made the ship's company and the passengers—thirty-one persons in all—go with them to their own ship, first taking from their prisoners everything of any value which they had about them, among other things, a "watch enameled green and gold," from one of the passengers, Thomas Murray of Pennsylvania.
They then proceeded to rifle the ship, taking from her provisions, sails, rigging, spars, etc., and then on the second day setting fire to and abandoning her. Samuel Harris testified, that having been sent on board the Pennsylvania Merchant "to fetch a hatt for some one in the boat," he "saw the Pilote, by name John Hougling, making a fire in the great Cabbin, and another person, the Carpenter, cutting a hole in the side, which persons came on board the boat and left said ship burning and sinking."
The pirates then stood in towards the land, and came to an anchor. They then announced their intention of going inside the Capes of the Chesapeake to take in water, after which they would
cruise outside until they should meet a pink which belonged to them and was to join them near the Capes.
This pirate ship was of 200 tons burthen, ninety feet long, carried twenty guns and one hundred and forty men, mostly Frenchmen or Dutchmen, and was commanded by Louis Guillar, a Frenchman. She was a formidable antagonist, and there were three other vessels, subject to the orders of Capt. Guillar, only one of which made its appearance on the coast, at the time of the capture of La Paix . . . La Paix lay at anchor all day Saturday, and during the night got under way, and early on Sunday morning a ship was seen coming out of the Chesapeake Bay. All the prisoners were ordered below into the hold, and ranging near the ship—which proved to be the Indian King bound for London—they fired on her and forced her to surrender. The captain—Edward Whitaker—was ordered to go on board La Paix, and when he reached her deck, he and his boat's crew were bound and detained as prisoners, the pirates taking his boat and boarding the Indian King, where they took prisoners Captain Baldwin Matthews, Mr. George Livingstone, a merchant of Philadelphia, and Samuel Crutchfield. These were bound, with their arms made fast behind them, their money and valuables were taken from them, and they were carried by the pirates to their own ship, which the crew of the Indian King were ordered to
follow.
Soon after, the Friendship of Belfast, bound for Liverpool, was seen a few miles outside the Capes, when the pirate bore down on her, fired several shot at her and commanded her master to come on board. One of the shot struck and killed the master, Hans Hamell, but the first mate, John Colwell, went on board with four of his men, who were all detained as prisoners . . . [T]he boat, manned by some of the pirates, went back to the Friendship, [where] the crew and passengers were ordered into the forecastle, and the usual work of plundering went on, until the pirates thought they had all the more portable valuables in the ship . . . [T]hey returned to La Paix, first ordering the crew to make sail, and stand into Lynnhaven Bay, following the "man-of-war," as they called their own ship.
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| Lynnhaven Bay is above Virginia Beach near the bridge. The James River flows out between Hampton and Norfolk. |
Captain Guillar now anchored in Lynnhaven Bay with his captures, consisting of the ships Friendship, Indian King and Nicholson, the pink Baltimore, and the sloop George, and he began at once to take in water, and transfer provisions, sails, cordage, and whatever else he wanted, to his own ship, that she might be ready for another cruise.
While he was thus busily occupied, a vessel which had been lying in Lynnhaven Bay when he entered the Capes, was making her way to Kiquotan or Hampton, which place she reached on Sunday, about noon, when her master told Captain John Aldred, commander of H. M. ship Essex Prize [which was in dry dock, being repaired], that he had seen a fleet of pirates coming into Lynnhaven Bay.
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| Lynnhaven Bay |
. . In a short time, in obedience to the orders of the Governor, Capt. Passenger was on his way to his ship to get everything ready for a start that evening . . . .
Governor Nicholas dispatched messages to the militias of nearby counties to warn ships in harbors of the pirates' threat and to offer reward for each pirate killed or captured.
Having thus made preparation to resist any descent by the pirates on the shores of the Bay, Governor Nicholson, accompanied by Capt. Aldred, Joseph Mann, Esq., and Peter Hayman, Esq.[customs collector in the lower district of James River], went on board the Shoreham, which was called in the Navy List a "Fifth Rate," and carried twenty-eight guns and about one hundred and twenty men, so that she was somewhat stronger than La Paix.
About sunrise on Monday morning, the Pirates saw the Shoreham coming out of James River, with the "King's Jack flag and ancient spread abroad," and at once a signal was made from La Paix, ordering all her men on board, an order which was promptly obeyed by all except two who were sound asleep on the Nicholson, and who were afterwards overpowered, and sent on board the Shoreham.
A report of the movements of the Shoreham was made by Captain Passenger in the following words, viz.:
On board his Majestys Ship the Shoreham.
On Sunday the 28th April about 3 in the even, I lay with his
Majesty's Ship Shoreham at Kiquotan a watering when there
came in a Merchant Ship that brought the news of a pirate in
Lynhaven bay that had taken some Virginia Men bound out of
the Capes. At which news I immediately called all my people
from the Shore that were filling water, and made a sign for all
the Masters of the Merchant Ships that Lay there bound out, to
take some men out of them by reason I wanted seven men of my
Complement. I took eight men out of their boats & weighed
anchor and turned down. The wind being contrary & night
coming on the pylot would venture no further. So we came to
anchor about three Leagues short of the Pirate. About 10 at
night his Excellency Francis Nicholson esqr, Governour of Virginia,
came on board with Cap' Aldred of the Essex Prize and
Peter Hayman esqr [the customs inspector] who remained on board during the whole
action.
At 3 in the morning being the 29th of April I weigh'd and at
4 made the pirate where he lay at anchor and we came within
half a mile. [H]e loosed his Topsails and got under Sail, with a
design as they have since told me, to get to windward and board
us, and said this is but a small fellow [and] we shall have him presently.
I guessed his Intentions and kept to windward, fired one shot
at him. He immediately hoysts a Jack Ensign with a broad
Pendent all Red, and return'd me thanks. So then the dispute
began being about 5 oclock in the morning and continued till 3 in
the afternoon, the major part of which time within pistoll shot
of one another. It was a fine top gallant gale of wind and I sailing
something better than the pirate so that he could not get the
wind of me to Lay me on board . . . Notwithstanding
he made several Trips, and when I gott just in his hause,
I went about likewise. So after we had shott all his masts, yards,
sails, Rigging all to shatters, unmounted several guns and [his] hull
almost beaten to pieces, and being very near the shore, he put his
helm a[t] Lee so the Ship came about, but he having no Braces,
bowlines, nor sheets to haul his Sails about, and we playing small
shott and partridge so fast that all his men run into the hold, so
the Ship drove on shore, with all her shatter'd sails aback. I
immediately Let go my anchor in 3 fathom water so he struck his
ensign [the blood-red flag]. I left off firing. They had laid a train to 30 barrels of
powder and threatened to blow the Ship up and they must all
perish. So the English prisoners that were on board interceded
for one to swim on board of me to acquaint me of his designs and
in the name of all the rest desire they might have some promise
of quarter. Otherwise those resolute fellows would certainly blow
up the Ship, and they must all perish with those piratical villains.
And the Captain would have it from under hand in writing. His
Excellency the Governour being on board, in regard of so many
prisoners that were his Maj'ties subjects, thought fit to send them
word under his hand and Lesser Scale [perhaps a seal impressed by his signet ring], they should all be referr'd to the Kings mercy, with the proviso they would quietly yield
themselves up prisoners of war.
W. PASSENGER.
It has been said that the crew of La Paix was composed almost entirely of Frenchmen or Dutchmen, but that there were a few of other nationalities. Among the latter was one John Hoogley or Hoogling, who was born in New York of Dutch parents, was the Pilot of La Paix, one of the foremost in the plundering of the prisoners, and as many said was "held in much esteem by the Pirates." He spoke English very well, was about 30 years old, and a "thick sett fellow, with short curled hair, round face & a great thick neck." He made, during the fight, several visits to the prisoners in the hold, who numbered forty or fifty, and who were of course very anxious to know how the fight was going, and what was to be their own fate.
At his first visit, he told them " Oh! Damn her, she is a little thing and we will soon have her." A few hours later, he said "he hoped in a short time to get to windward of them and have the dogs," and about 3 p. m. he announced that La Paix, having been forced into shallow water, where she was at the mercy of the Shoreham, they—the Pirates—had determined not to surrender, but to blow up their Ship with all on board.
As may be supposed, at hearing this the prisoners were alarmed for their own safety, and joined heartily in the suggestion that one of their number should swim to the Shoreham and inform the commanding officer of the resolution of the pirates, and the deplorable condition of the prisoners in their hands.
At the instance of Capt. Samuel Harrison of the Pennsylvania Merchant and others, permission was obtained for John Lumpany, a young man of 23 and one of the passengers on the Pennsylvania Merchant, to undertake this mission and thereby, as was hoped, save the lives of the prisoners.
That he was successful we have seen, and he returned with the following document given to him by Governor Nicholson, viz.:
Virginia ss
On board his Matys Ship Shoreham off Cape Henry this 29th
April 1700 betwixt four and five of the Clock post meridian.
Whereas Cap' Lewis Guillar Commander of the Laypasse [La Paix] hath
proffer'd to surrender himself men and Ship . . . provided he may have quarter, which I
grant him on the performance of the same and refer him and his
men to the mercy of my royal Master King William the third
whom God preserve.
Given under my hand and Lesser Scale at armes the day and
year above written.
FE. NICHOLSON.
About four o'clock the pirates hauled down their "blood red flag," hoisted a white flag and ceased firing, after a fight lasting ten hours, during which twenty-five or thirty of them were killed and many wounded, but of these there is no number given. Of the casualties on the Shoreham there is no mention except in one instance. Peter Hayman, Esq. [the customs collector], who went on board with Governor Nicholson, was killed by a shot from the pirate, while standing on the quarter deck by the side of the Governor.
The Shoreham, however, received much damage, had to have a new mainmast, and undergo many repairs before she was fit for another cruise. . . .
The damage done by La Paix and her consort was very great, and may be summed up as follows, viz. : one ship burned, another sunk, four captured, 110 casks of tobacco, a great deal in bulk, many goods from England thrown overboard, two brigantines captured and much damaged, one pink and one sloop captured, make a list, which, without taking into consideration the anxiety and suffering of forty or fifty prisoners held on La Paix, caused much alarm among the inhabitants of Maryland and Virginia.
The first pirate trial in America was then held in Hampton Town, the former Indian town of Kiquotan.
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| Present-day Hampton, Virginia |
An inventory, which was taken after the captured goods had been returned to their owners, shows that La Paix carried on deck twenty iron guns with all things belonging to them, and that in addition there were in the hold 13 guns, of which 8 had carriages and 5 none. There were "30 fire arms," 2 barrels of pistol-shot, and 32 half and quarter barrels of gunpowder, but nothing is said of large shot of any kind, or of cutlasses, without which weapon one can hardly imagine a pirate. In the matter of provisions, there was one barrel of beef, 13 casks of bread, 19 barrels of flour (of which 2 were musty), 1 cask of oatmeal and 3 jars of oil, a small supply for 140 men; and it must have been a matter of congratulation among them when they saw themselves with such a supply of provisions as they found on the captured ships, congratulations which were however soon turned to curses on their ill fortune in venturing inside the Capes.
When the pirates surrendered, it was on the conditions set forth in Governor Nicholson's letter, viz.: Quarter to the captain and his men, and he refers them to the mercy of the King; so that it is not easy to understand why three of them were tried and condemned to death at Kiquotan, "pursuant to an Act of Assembly about pirates, the same as in Maryland." Such is the fact, and they were : John Hougling or Hoogley, of whom mention has been made several times, as one of the leading men on the pirate ship; Cornelius Franc, a Dutchman, and Francois Delanne, a Frenchman. . . . They were delivered to the Sheriff of Princess Anne County, and were executed according to the sentence pronounced by the Court.
Hougling had jumped overboard and attempted to escape by swimming ashore; Franc and Delanne were found asleep on one of the prizes. Thus, all three were exempt from Governor Nicholson's clemency. At his trial, Hougling was accused of firing the shot that killed Hans Hamell, master of Friendship of Belfast.
were kept busy for several days making shackles for them. Twenty-five or thirty of the pirates were killed in the fight, eight died of their wounds, three were executed in Virginia and ninety-nine were sent to England by the first fleet, which sailed on the 9th June, 1700, and numbered 67 ships, convoyed by the Essex Prize [the smaller Royal Navy ship the Shoreham had relieved in the Chesapeake]. Two of the ships, the Indian King and the Nicholson, which had been in the hands of the pirates a short time before, now carried . . . [the Indian King five and the Nicholson three of the pirates] who were on their way to England, to learn what fate was to be awarded to them. [The pirate captain was a solitary passenger on one of the ships, none of his crew allowed near him.] What became of them, the writer has not been able to learn and with their departure from "Virginia must end the story of "A Pirate in the Chesapeake Bay."
Actually, their fate became known to Diane Tennant, who published her own account of this piracy in the Virginian-Pilot in 2006, including some transcriptions of the Virginia trial. The pirates and their captain did not receive the king's clemency and all were hanged. Her 13-part series is HERE, but since my reading it last year, the newspaper has covered part of each episode with subscription advertising, including that part regarding the boarding of the Friendship.
Friendship of Belfast was afterward lost to maritime history, but for a particular voyage to Maryland sixteen years later. By then William Rainey, Jr., and possibly his brother John Rainey, were residents of Virginia Colony. Were they still part-owners of the Friendship or had it been sold? We don't know.
In 1715 Scottish Jacobite loyalists fought unsuccessfully to place the Stuarts back on the British throne (as they would in the doomed uprising in 1746). On May 24, 1716, eighty of the rebels captured at the Battle of Preston in Lancashire were transported from Liverpool to Annapolis, Maryland, on Friendship of Belfast, Michael Mankin, Commander. Upon the Friendship's arrival on August 20th, each shackled Scottish prisoner was auctioned off on the dock to the highest bidder for seven years of "servitude" to work on a tobacco plantation. The list of rebels and the plantation owners who purchased them is HERE
We'll end with the song "Don't Forget Your Old Shipmates" HERE
You'll have to wait through a short commercial.
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